Chapter 4

PERIOD OF O'KELLY SCHISM

January 12, 1790-December---, 1792

The Council was adopted as the governing body of the church in 1789 and lasted until the General Conference in 1792. It was made up of the bishops and presiding elders. It was to be called by the bishops at such times as they determined. James O'Kelly led the first great split in American Methodism. He was opposed to the episcopacy. He went out with others in 1792 and started the Republican Methodist Church in Surry County, Virginia, which in 1794 became the Christian Church. O'Kelly was much opposed to the Council from its beginning. This letter seems to refer to the letter Asbury received from James O'Kelly on January 12, 1790. Asbury says, "He makes heavy complaints of my power, and bids me stop for one year or he must use Us influence against me." This letter is only part of a letter. The appended excerpts from letters of Jarratt to the Rev. John Coleman are informative.

BRUNSWICK COUNTY, VIRGINIA

[To James O'Kelly} [January 12, 1790][ Date is that of the Journal, January 12, 1790. James O'Kelly was presiding elder in Virginia. (Journal, 1852.)]

Thy letter [O'Kelly had written Asbury, "Brother you know our infant state, grant us one year to consider the matters coming before us. Or if you refuse this, take away your negative -and if you refuse 'I shall as a duty I owe to the Church use mine influence,' etc." This is all of the letter quoted. Then O'Kelly is quoted as saying, "Francis received my letter by the hand of the messenger, but he utterly refused to comply with my request. He answered me after this manner, 'Thy letter greatly alarmed me. . . .' " (See above. Drinkhouse, History of Methodist Reform and Methodist Protestant Church, I, 371.) The negative referred to here is the power Asbury attained in the Council to negate what was done by the Council.

There is reference to another letter to O'Kelly in Asbury's Journal, September 25, 1790. "To conciliate the minds of our brethren in the south district of Virginia, who are restless about the council, I wrote their leader a letter, informing him, 'that I would take my seat in council as another member'; and, in that point, at least, waive the claims of episcopacy; yea, I would lie down and be trodden upon, rather than know- ingly injure one soul." O'Kelly was the presiding elder on the South District.] greatly alarmed me. But pray who boldly demanded my negative My negative is my own. I never have received such a check from any preacher in America.[ 3 See appended excerpts from letters from Jarratt to the Rev. John Coleman. The following excerpts throw light on Jarratt's attitude toward Asbury and Coke.]

[Francis Asbury]

William Guirey, The History of the Episcopacy in Four Parts, 75. Rare Book Collection, Library of Congress

Great strifes and contentions have pervaded the societies, about liberation. I know not how they will terminate. I don't concern about them. Father O'Kelly has lately published an essay on the subject. It is, no doubt, a well meant effort; but is a jumbled | spot of work-though it may not be the less efficacious on that account. Perhaps you have seen the essay, as it was published in the north. His glosses on Scripture are very inaccurate; indeed he seems to have so little understanding of Scripture, that he darkens rather than illustrates those passages he has undertaken to explain. However, he is a good man, and valiant for what he judges to be the truth. . . .

You must have seen the Arminian Magazine, published by Dr. Coke and Mr. Asbury. ... I admire Mr. Wesley's original sermons, printed in that magazine. The diction, &c. shew a strength of genius not to be impaired by the wastes of time. They betray nothing of second childhood, except the larding them with so much Latinity, may appear to savour of it. I was pleased and edified by Mr. Asbury's Journal. I saw so much of what he seemed to be, when he used to visit me, that I found my affections towards him very strong. Dr. Coke's Journal is very far from being equal to his; nay I think his narrations, for the most part, very trifling and not worth reading. He does not discover the man of judgment at all, in that performance. I think it was very weak and imprudent in him, to give such extraordinary characters of, and bestow such high , encomiums upon some of the preachers and others, who are yet living, and who may | be too much tickled and elated thereby-I don't suppose them to be out of the power of temptations of that sort. Mr. Petegrew, who, next to myself, had befriended the Methodists more than any other clergyman in America, is compared to a little chicken, &c. &c. Are not such things too trifling for a D.D. or LL.D. or even for a B.A. If you have read this magazine, as I expect you have, you must have observed the gibbet he has made of my name: and I suppose he intended that it should be gibbeted in secula seculorum. But, you know me better, than to suppose any thing the little creature could say of me, could move me much. . . . For if there be not five falsities or misrepresentations, in the five lines, written, respecting me, in page 342, I am, as Falstaff says, a shotten herring. 1 will point them out to you, and I know you can believe me. After saying he met me at Roanoke [Chapel] he says, first, "That I went with him eight miles." I did not go one step with him. Second, "We talked largely about the minutes on slavery." The whole conversation, on that subject, would not have taken up three minutes time. Third, he says, "I would not be persuaded." I don't know that he used one word to persuade me. Fourth, The secret is, says he, that I have twenty-four slaves. God knows me better, and so do you. Fifth, He intimates that I mightily oppose their rules. Every one that knows me, knows this to be so far from the truth, that it was quite the reverse. When I parted from the doctor at that time, I did not mistrust I had offended him, and expected he would have called on me when he came near my house. Instead of this, he passed by along the road over the bridge, without vouchsafing to call, and make this Journal upon it, page 392: "I passed by the house of Mr. Jarratt a violent assertor of the justice and propriety of Negro slavery." Did you ever discover me to be such a violent man, as to authorise any one to make violence a distinguishing characteristic of me The truth is, the little man read the minutes to me, and asked my opinion of them. I told him I was no friend of slavery; but however I did not think the minutes proper, for two reasons. First, The disturbance it would make and the opposition it would meet with in the societies. Second, He ought not to make a disputable matter a positive term of communion. And as he was a stranger in the land, I told him the spirit, of Virginia would not brook force, and probably I gave him some advice on the matter which I suppose the bishop looked upon as an insult-but I did it in the integrity of my heart, without any suspicion it would offend the gentleman so highly.

I am your sincere friend,

Devereux Jarratt

This preface to the Discipline is taken from the sixth edition of the Discipline, published in 1790. The last three paragraphs were first printed as the preface to the fifth edition, printed March 20, 1789. Four editions of the Discipline were printed before this one, the first in 1785; but no preface appeared until 1789.

1790

To the Members of the Methodist Societies in the United States

Dear beloved Brethren:

We think it expedient to give you a brief account of the rise of Metho- dism (so called) both in Europe and America. In 1729, two young men, in England reading the Bible, saw they could not be saved without holiness, followed after it, and incited others so to do. In 1737, they saw likewise, that men are justified before they are sanctified: But still holiness was their object. God then thrust them out, to raise an holy people.

And during the space of thirty years past, certain persons, members of the society, emigrated from England and Ireland, and settled in various parts of this country. About twenty years ago,[ The Discipline of 1791 had at this place "in the latter end of the year, 1766." (See Discipline, 1791, for other changes in reference to priorities. Also see Discipline, 1797.) ]

Philip Embury, a local preacher from Ireland, began to preach in the city of New York; and formed a society of his own countrymen and the citizens. About the same time, Robert Strawbridge, a local preacher from Ireland, settled in Frederick county, in the state of Maryland, and preaching there, formed some societies. In 1769, Richard Boardman and Joseph Pilmoor, came to New York; who were the first regular Methodist Preachers on the continent. In the latter end of the year 1771, Francis Asbury and Richard Wright, of the same order came over.

(Excerpt 2) August 31, 1790

Dr. Coke's Journal, I hope to treat with becoming contempt. But should I light on him in a proper place I might try to convict him of sin, or else furnish him with matter for a new Journal. His little soul, I believe, was exasperated at me, for laughing at his episcopal credentials, which he vainly drew out upon me, with Mr. Wesley's hand and seal annexed forsooth. The sight to me was truly farcical and ludicrous in the extreme -I could not forbear smiling-But my pleasantry, on viewing the parchment, was too serious a matter for the doctor; his pride could not brook it-and so he has shewn his spleen by holding me up in his journal. He intended it, no doubt, for a gibbet-and I expect he would have done as much hurt to my body as he intended to my reputation, could it have been done as easily; I mean by publishing Falsities. I freely forgive him, and I pray to God to forgive him, and cause him to know himself.

I remain, your Friend and Brother,

D. Jarratt

The Life of the Reverend Devereux Jarratt, 81-84

And we humbly believe that God's design in raising up the preachers called Methodists in America, was to reform the continent, and spread scriptural holiness over these lands. As a proof hereof, we have seen, in course of 22 years, a great and glorious work of God, from New York through the Jersies, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia; as also the extremities of the Western Settlements.

We also esteem it our duty and privilege most earnestly to recommend to you as members of our church, our Form of Discipline, which has been founded on the experience of 50 years in Europe, and of 20 years in, America; as also on the observations and remarks we have made on ancient and modern churches. We have made some little alterations in the present edition,[ 5 A Form of Discipline for the Ministers, Preachers and Members (Now Comprehending the Principles and Doctrines) of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America, Considered and Approved at a Conference Held at Baltimore, in the State of Maryland, On Monday! the 27th of December, 1784: in which Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury, Presided^ Arranged under proper Heads, and Methodised in a more acceptable and easy mannerj The sixth edition. Philadelphia: printed by R. Aitken & Son, No. 22 Market Street| and sold by John Dickins, No. 43 Fourth Street, MDCCXC] yet such as affect not in any degree the essentials of our doctrines and discipline. We think ourselves obliged to view and review annually the whole order of our church, always aiming at perfection, standing on the shoulders of those who have lived before us, and taking the advantage of our former selves.

We wish to see this little publication in the house of every Methodist, and the more so as it contains our plan of Collegiate and Christian education, and the articles of religion maintained more or less, in part or in the whole, by every reformed church in the world. We would likewise declare our real sentiments concerning the scripture doctrine of election and reprobation; as also on the infallible unconditional perseverance of all that ever have believed, or ever shall; and lastly, on the doctrine of Christian perfection.

Far from wishing you to be ignorant of any of our doctrines, or any part of our discipline, we desire you to read, mark, learn and inwardly digest the whole. We know you are not in general able to purchase many books But you ought, next to the word of God, to procure the Articles and Canons of the church to which you belong. This present edition is small and cheap and we can assure you that the profits of the sale of it shall be applied to charitable purposes

We remain your very affectionate brethren and pastors, who labourj night and day, both in public and private, for your good,

Thomas Coke

Francis Asbury

A Form of Discipline, 1790. Property of J. Manning Potts

February 14, 1790

Asbury came to Charleston on February 10. Here he evidently received considerable mail and mentions the good news that had come from Baltimore and New York. He says on the tenth that he had been writing letters to Europe and many parts of the continent. Here is some evidence of the large correspondence he carried on and, on the other hand, how little is preserved. This is the only letter for these days at Charleston. The Conference began on the fifteenth. The fourteenth was Sunday.

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

February 14, 1790

[To his Parents}

My dear Parents:

My mind is at rest with respect to your temporalities, from the assur- ance I have had that brother Coke will supply you at my desire. 0 that your souls may grow in grace and that you may make sure work for eternity. My head and hands and heart are all full. Being so continually on the stretch in traveling, I have little time to write to my dearest friends.

Glory be to the LORD, we have a glorious work. Hundreds are coming home to God:-east, west, north, and south. I praise God I ever was born to see the glory of God in this new world. My dear children, and their children, the poor Indians, are the subjects of my charge. If God's people throughout the world would begin to pray for and strive to believe that the Lord would awaken thousands, it would soon appear in every town, country, parish, house, and individual. 0 that God may make his power known in my poor native land, and break like thunder and lightning on the people that have long been sleeping in the form of sentiments of religion.

I am not pleased at our Wednesbury friends, if they have received my letter, for not writing. I wish you would get some person to write to me, a large satisfactory account. Where is aunt Sarah Rogers Where is uncle Nathaniel Rogers Where is his son John Rogers Where, what, is Joseph Groves Tell me the whole.

I am as ever, your dear son,

F. Asbury

Drew University Library

Asbury's great feeling of kinship in spiritual things for the Quakers is

shown in this letter. There were Quaker meetinghouses in many of the states. Pern had settled in Pennsylvania, and his followers had been in Pennsylvania and in the other states. The famous John Woo/man had traveled extensively in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, New England, Maryland, Dela- ware, Virginia, and North Carolina in the 'forties, 'fifties, and 'sixties. An early map of the Eastern states shows the Quaker meetinghouses. There was a strong settlement of the Quakers at this time in Loudoun County, Virginia, not very far from Asbury.

NEWTON, VIRGINIA[Where was Newton Probably in what is now West Virginia. This letter is dated 1795 in some references. However, he was not in Virginia in July, 1795. (See Journal.) It may have been Newtown (now Stephens City, Virginia).]

Seventh Month, [July,} 1790

[To a Quaker] [Strickland in The Pioneer Bishop says this was written to a Quaker in Delaware.

]

My very dear Friend:

If I have a partiality for any people in the world except the Methodists, it is for the Quakers, so called. Their plainness of dress, their love of justice, and truth, their friendship to each other, and the care they take of one another, render them worthy of praise.

Would it not be of use for that society that make it a point not to come near any others, whether good or bad, to try all means within themselves Would it not be well, thinkest thou, for them to sit every night and morning and, if they find liberty, to go to prayer after reading a portion of God's word As epistles are read from the Friends, would it not be well to introduce the reading of some portion of the Scriptures at public meetings Would it not be well to have a congregation and a society-an outward and an inward court In the former let children and servants, and unawakened people come; in the inward let mourners in Zion come.

The Presbyterians have reformed; the Episcopalians and the Methodists; why should not the Friends It was a dark time one hundred and fifty years back. We are near the edge of the wilderness. If this inward court or society were divided into small bands or classes, and to be called together weekly by men and women of the deepest experience, and appointed for that work, and asked about their souls and the dealings of God with them, and to join in prayer, one or two or all of them that have freedom, I think the Lord would come upon them.

I give this advice as the real friend of your souls, as there are hundreds and thousands that never have nor will come near others. These might get more religion if your people were to hear others; they might get properly awakened, and if you had close meetings for speaking they would not leave you. You must not think that G. Fox and R. Barclay [8 Founders of the Quakers or Friends. ] were the only men in the world. I am sure there must be a reform, if you could move it in quarterly and yearly meetings for family and society meetings, and adopt rules for these meetings!

Autumn, 1790

Would it not be well, thinkest thou, to preach against covetousness God has blessed Friends: they are a temperate, industrious, and frugal people. Tell them to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, visit the sick, and always feel for the spirit of prayer at such times. Would it not be well to deliver a testimony at other places, if Friends felt freedom, and allow others to come into their meetings without forbidding them Our houses are open to any that come in a Christian spirit.

I wish Methodists and Friends would bear a stronger testimony against races, fairs, plays, and balls; I wish they would reprove swearing, lying, and foolish talking; watch their young people in their companies; instruct them in the doctrines of Christ; call upon them to feel after the spirit of prayer, morning and evening, and strive to bring them to God! If I know my own heart, I write from love to souls; and although it is the general cry, "You can do nothing with these people," I wish to lay before you these things, which I think are not contrary to the ancient principles of Friends, and I am sure that we are taught them in the word of God. Think upon them. My soul pities and loves you. You may fight against God in not inculcating these things.

I am, with real friendship to thee and thy people,

Francis Asbury

Methodist Historical Society of the Baltimore Conference (Lovely Lane Museum)

The first meeting of the Council was held in Baltimore on December 3, 1789. The second meeting was in Baltimore on December 1,1790. This letter was written before the second meeting. It was probably written in the early autumn. At the Virginia Conference in Petersburg in June, 1790, the preachers under O'Kelly's influence had unanimously voted against the form of government set up by the Council. Asbury said, "Ye have all spoken out of one mouth. Henceforth you are all out of the union.'" He gathered up his papers and left. O'Kelly said that they had all been expelled from the union. However, regardless of this the preachers went to their appointments.

[Autumn, 1790} [No place, date, or signature.]

[To the Virginia Preachers]

I advise you all to meet in conference among yourselves, and if you will submit to the new plan of government, send your delegates [The Virginia preachers met in conference in Mecklenburg, and O'Kelly proposed that they write an affectionate letter but send no delegate. The preachers were pleased by his suggestion. (See MacClenny, The Life of Rev. James O'Kelly, ch. vi, for a discussion of these facts.) ] to the council. The council shall concern only with the temporalities of the church. You have my last will and testament.

[Francis Asbury]

William Guirey, The History of the Episcopacy in Four Parts, 366. Rare Book Collection, Library of Congress

Ezekiel Cooper, best known later as the Book Agent of the church, was at this time pastor of Annapolis (Maryland) Circuit. Asbury had been down the Peninsula as far as Accomack Courthouse, and on the way back he preached on Friday to a full house at Bolingbroke, in Maryland.

BOLINGBROKE, MARYLAND

November 12, 1790

[To Ezekiel Cooper] [Pastor at Annapolis, Maryland,]

My very dear Brother:

I am fully agreed that you should write as you dictate. We have been labouring by heavy strides through the Peninsula,[ Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.] with some living, others very dead. It seems as tho' the work will go on in Accomack [Aceomack County, Virginia.] in spite of Satan and the B--nts. We have a little stir in some part of Somerset.[ Somerset County, Maryland.] I am fully convinced of the necessity of a constant Spirit of prayer in private in families, societies and publick. Strive my dear to push all you can to prayer. I am in hopes we shall collect $200 or near this trip for the college[Cokesbury College.] but I shall want near $400. Our house will fill swiftly and hope we shall see matters in a more promising state. Many poor are pressing upon us and this is my greatest consolation. I have had my pleasing prospects of employing a teacher or two if I am not disappointed. We have had a perfect unanimity in all the Conferences, and great peace. The work revives in New York, and goes on in Jersey. In the latter state it is thought that not less than six hundred souls have been converted in six months, and it still goes on.

My soul is in peace, my breast is pained. Long rides, large congregations, quarterly meetings every day. Peace be with thy spirit! As ever thine,

F. Asbury

Garrett Biblical Institute Library

Because of the damaged condition of this letter, at the top there is no name of the person to whom written, no place from which written, and no date. However, because of its internal evidence it is quite clear that it was written to Thomas Morrell and that it may have been written on December 10, 1790. Jesse Lee was presiding elder on the New England District in 1790. He was moved in 1791. Thomas Morrell was presiding elder on the New York District in 1790. His parents lived in Elizabeth Town (now Elizabeth), New Jersey. On several occasions he was sick and went home. (See Journal, July 27, 1795.)

Robert Cloud was pastor in New York in 1790 but was made presiding elder in upper New York in 1791 (names of districts not in Minutes at that time). If Morrell was sick, then Cloud would naturally be called upon to help out with the district. This experience would put him in mind for the presiding eldership, and it did. Asbury refers to Jesse Lee calling for help in New England District. The Minutes show that Matthias Swaim, who was in New Rochelle, New York, was moved to the New England District. Asbury also refers to the Council which was held recently and which Morrell missed. That was held in Baltimore on December 1, 1790.

Early in 1791 Asbury took Morrell with him as his traveling companion. They went down to the South. Morrell had overtaxed his strength, and Asbury took him to save his life.[ Stevens, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 111, 147.]

[BALTIMORE, MD.]

[December JO, 1790}

[To Thomas Morrell] [ Thomas Morrell was born in New York City, November 22, 1747. His mother was a member of Philip Embury's first class. They moved early to the present Elizabeth, New Jersey, where there were no Methodists, and joined the Presbyterian Church. At the outbreak of the Revolution, Morrell formed a company of volunteers, was made captain, then major, and later was severely wounded. He was taken to his father's house in Elizabeth Town by permission of George Washington. Later he became a merchant with his father in Elizabeth Town. He retained the friendship of George Washington and conducted Asbury and Coke to see Washington May 29, 1789. He was converted in 1785 by John Hagerty, the Methodist, when Hagerty was preaching in Elizabeth Town. About three months later Morrell left the mercantile business and started preaching. Hagerty made appointments for him. On his third or fourth attempt to preach Morrell felt that he had failed as a preacher and decided he had not been called to preach. However, three people came to see him and told him they had been converted by his preaching. He started the church at Chatham.

Morrell entered the conference on trial in 1787 and was appointed to the Staten Island Circuit, which included Elizabeth Town. His ministerial labors mainly included New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, South Carolina. In spite of several severe illnesses he lived to be an old man. He kept a journal and wrote in his journal when he was ninety years old a summation of his life and gratitude to God. On August 9, 1839, he died rejoicing. His last words were " 'Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death I will fear no evil, for thou art with me,' " and, "All is well." (See Stevens, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, III, 141-50.)]

My very,

No news from yourself gives me painful fears of your disposition of body and retiring no doubt to Elizabeth Town under the wings of a tender parentage. Oh how sickness and death disappoint our expectation. Should your sickness and inability continue I have written that it would be expedient for the elders as it can be made convenient to visit the quarter meetings. Brother Lee calls aloud for help. If you can send a supply to him it would be well. The work of God in our view has suffered for want of laborers, many sick, disabled, dispirited and dead. I know how you will feel. I was dumb for many months and at death's door, given up by my friends, lost to the church and the world, but God almighty raised me up. You will feel dejection and suffer more in mind than body. Should you live, a southern and softer air might be obtained could you be removed there to. I was where, in England, the winters cold and the northern states likewise, an heavy cough and continual tickly frequent sore throat, rheumatic complaints; these are almost gone by going southerly every year.

My dear brother, give yourself to God. You cannot judge of your state, not laboring or having his benefit of religious society-will so deject your soul. I feel indeed that you will feel in reality my love to you, great expectations from you, your sagacity will soon discover. You are ready to the utmost and beyond your power, the Lord lets! not to see you in Council, then to hear of your being obliged to go home. Although I have written to Brother Cloud it is with submission to you. If able to go or order, who shall attend Quarter meetings and circuits

Yours as ever

Francis Asbury

Thomas Morrell Collection, Friends of the Middle Border Museum, Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, South Dakota

Little is known about this letter. Asbury was evidently writing back home some of the admonitions that he had worked out in America. The date is suggested as 1790. The letter seems to be kin to the letter of July, 1798, to the Quaker. The letter shows that Asbury had not lost any of the methods which characterized the Methodists, for which they were so called in the beginning.

To the most loving and best beloved, the servants of Christ in Taunton, grace and peace.[ To friends in England. ]

--- [1790][ Date not certain, place unknown.]

Most dear and tender friends:

Whose I am, and whom under God I desire to serve; to build you up in holiness and comfort hath been through grace my great ambition. This is that which I laboured for; this is that which I suffer for: and in short, the end of all my applications to you, and to GOD for you. How do your souls prosper Are they in a thriving case What progress do you make in sanctification Both the house of Saul grow weaker and weaker, and the house of David stronger and stronger Beloved, I am jealous of you with a godly jealousy, lest any of you should lose ground in these declining times: and therefore cannot but be often calling upon you to look to your standing, and to watch and hold fast, that no man take your crown. Ah! how surely shall you reap in the end, if you faint not! Take heed therefore that you lose not the things you have wrought, but as you have begun well, so go on in the strength of Christ, and give diligence to the full assurance of hope to the end.

Do you need motives 1. How much are you behind hand Oh, the fair advantages that we have lost! What time, what sabbaths, sermons, sacraments, are upon the matter lost! How much work have we yet to do! Are you sure of heaven yet Are you fit to die yet Surely they that are under so many great wants, had need to set upon some more thriving courses.

Secondly, Consider what others have gained, whilst we, it may be, sit down by the loss: Have we not met many vessels richly laden, while our souls are empty Oh, the golden prizes that some have won! While we have folded the hands to sleep, have not many of our own standing in religion, left us far behind them

Thirdly, Consider you will all find little enough when you come to die:

The wife among the virgins has no oil to spare at the coming of the bride- groom; temptation and death will put all your graces to it. How much ado have many had at last to put into this harbour! David cried for respite till he had recovered a little more strength.

Fourthly, Consider how short your time for gathering in probably is The Israelites gathered twice so much manna against the sabbath as they did at other times, because at that time there was no manna fell. Brethren, you know not how long you have to lay in for. Do you ask for marks, how you may know your souls to be in a thriving case

First, If your appetites be more strong. Do you thirst after GOD and grace, more than heretofore Do your cares for and desires after the world abate And do you hunger and thirst after righteousness Whereas you were wont to come with an ill-will to holy duties, do you now come to them as hungry stomach to its meat

Secondly, If your pulses beat more even. Are you still off and on, hot and cold Or is there a more even spun thread of holiness through your whole course Do you make good the ground from which you were formerly beaten off

Thirdly, If you do look more to the carrying on together the duties of both tables. Do you not only look to the keeping of your own vineyards, but do you lay out yourselves for the good of others and are ye filled with zealous desires for their conversion and salvation Do you manage your talk and your trade, by the rules of religion

Do you eat and sleep by rule Doth religion form and mould, and direct your carriage towards husbands, wives, parents, children, masters, ser- vants Do you grow more universally conscientious Is piety more diffusive than ever with you Doth it come more abroad with you, out of your closets, into your houses, your shops, your fields Doth it journey with you, and buy and sell for you Hath it the casting voice in all you do

Fourthly, If the duties of religion be more delightful to you. Do you take more delight in the word than ever Are you more in love with secret prayer, and more abundant in it Cannot you be content with your ordinary seasons, but are ever and anon making extraordinary visits to heaven And upon all occasions turning aside to talk with God in some short ejaculations Are you often darting up your soul heavenwards Is it meat and drink for you to do the will of GOD Do you come off more freely with GOD, and answer his calls with more readiness of mind

Fifthly, If you are more abundant in those duties which are most dis- pleasing to the flesh. Are you more earnest in mortification Are you more strict and severe than ever in the duty of daily self-examination, and holy meditation Do you hold the reins harder upon the flesh than ever Do you keep a stricter watch upon your appetites Do you set a stronger guard upon your tongues Have you a more jealous eye upon your hearts

Sixthly, If you grow more vile in your own eyes. Do you grow more out of love with men's esteem, and set less by it Are you not marvellous tender of being slighted Can you rejoice to see others preferred before you Can you heartily value and love them that think meanly of you

Seventhly, If you grow more quick of sense, more sensible of divine influences, or withdrawing. Are you more afraid of sin than ever Are your sins a greater pain to you than heretofore Are your very infirmities your great afflictions and the daily working of corruption a continued grief of mind to you

I must conclude abruptly, commending you to GOD, and can only tell you that I am

Yours in the Lord Jesus,

F.A.

The Arminian Magazine, II (Philadelphia, 1790), 251-54

Coke was again on the way to America, but his vessel had been wrecked, and he was late in arriving. Asbury is giving a report of the progress of the "church in the wilderness." Of special interest is his account of himself.

GEORGE TOWN, S.C.

February 12, 1791

[To Bishop Coke][ Bishop Coke sailed from England on October 16, 1790, to help Asbury with the conferences. Asbury intended the letter to greet him on his arrival in Charleston.]

Reverend, and most dear Sir:

If yet in time,[ If yet in time"-it would not have been if Coke had arrived on time.] this brings greeting. Rejoice with me that the last has been a year of general blessing to the church of God in this wilderness. We humbly hope two thousand souls were born of God, one of which is well ascertained in New Jersey and New York. East, west, north and south the glory of God spreads.

I have served the church upwards of twenty-five years in Europe and America. All the property I have gained is two old horses, the constant companions of my toil, 6 if not 7,000 miles every year. When we have no ferry-boats, they swim the rivers. As to clothing, I am nearly the same as at first; neither have I silver, nor gold, nor any property. My confidential friends know I lie not in these matters. I am resolved not to claim any property in the printing concern. Increase as it may, it will be sacred to invalid preachers, the college, and the schools. I would not have my name mentioned as doing, having, or being anything but dust.

I soar, indeed, but it is over the tops of the highest mountains[The Allegheny Mountains.] we have, which may vie with the Alps. I creep sometimes upon my hands and knees up the slippery ascent; and to serve the church, and the ministers of it, what I gain is many a reflection from both sides of the Atlantic. I have lived long enough to be loved and hated, to be admired and feared.

If it were not for the suspicions of some, and the pride and ignorance of others, I am of opinion I could make provision by collections, profits on books, and donations in land, to take two thousand children under the best plan of education ever known in this country. The Lord begins to smile on our Kingswood school.[ Cokesbury College. Reference is to the English Methodist school, after which Cokesbury College was patterned.]

One promising young man is gone forth, another is ready; and several have been under awakenings. None so healthy and orderly as our children; and some promise great talents for learning. The obstinate and ignorant oppose among preachers and people; while the judicious for good sense and piety, in church and state, admire and applaud.

I am, with most dutiful respect as ever,

Your son in the Gospel,

Francis Asbury

Samuel Drew, Life of the Rev. Thomas Coke, LL.D., 234-35

An argument for doing away with the Council and substituting the General Conference as the court of the church is going on. It is evident that all is not quiet in the church. Asbury was agreeing to the substitution with great reluctance.

PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA

April 19, 1791

[To Ezekiel Cooper}[ Pastor at Alexandria, Virginia]

My very dear Brother:

I am comforted to hear the work goes on in Annapolis, in your absence, that you revive a little in Alexandria, and your house in better order. I heard by a young man that you were doing well. Brother Ward [William Ward. ] has lost his reason, great exertions,[ Reference is evidently to the hardships of the ministry and the Methodist system.] may wreck the System. If possible we shall be in town for evening meeting on the Sabbath. We must enter fully into business on Monday morning. You perhaps have heard of the General Conference which is to meet instead of the next sitting of the council.[ The small council which had been serving as the advisory body to Asbury was superceded by the General Conference] A letter from Mr. Wesley, the reappointment of Brother Whatcoat,[ Richard Whatcoat had been appointed by Wesley to stay on in America.] the strange spirit of murmur here, and what can be done to amend or substitute a council, and perhaps to implead me on the one part, and a presiding elder and conference on the other. No court is sufficient but a general Conference; and perhaps such a trial may make me and others take care how they take such rash if not unwarrantable steps. You are a thinking prudent man. A word to the wise, let it rest in thy heart. I am as ever yours,

F. Asbury

Garrett Biblical Institute Library

A Secret Letter of Bishop Coke to Bishop White

Because of its extreme importance this letter of Bishop Coke to Bishop White of the Protestant Episcopal Church is included among these letters. On February 23, 1791, at Charleston, South Carolina, Asbury recorded in the Journal, "Long looked for Dr. Coke came to town: he had been ship- wrecked off Edisto. I found the Doctor's sentiments, with regard to the council quite changed. James O'Kelly's letters had reached London. I left perfectly calm, and acceded to a general conference, for the sake of peace."

April 24,1791

Coke had lined up with O'Kelly. In Charleston Coke fraternized with William Hammett. The next year Hammett split the church in Charleston.

Asbury left Coke in Charleston and proceeded north. Coke caught up later. He probably prepared the letter on the way. He dated it at Richmond. Coke carried the letter in his pocket and mailed it probably at New Castle, Hanover County, Virginia. A few days later they heard of Wesley's death, and Coke hastened to get off to England. There has been much historical argument as to whether Wesley knew of Coke's approaches to Bishop White and Magaw. Coke was most anxious for a reunion of the churches. He was frying to see Bishop White. He had two interviews with him before he left America. The letter was made public by Bishop White fifteen years later. In a letter to James O'Kelly written from Washington, D.C., May 4, 1791, Coke urged O'Kelly to be resolute in his position opposing the Council and substituting the General Conference. It is clear here in this letter that Coke did not see eye to eye with Asbury. However, nothing came of the overture to Bishop White.

RICHMOND, VA.

April 24, 1791

[To Bishop White]

Right Reverend Sir:

Permit me to intrude a little upon your time, upon a subject of great importance.

You, I believe, are conscious that I was brought up in the Church of England, and have been ordained a presbyter of that church. For many years I was prejudiced, even I think to bigotry, in favor of it; but through a variety of causes and incidents, to mention which would be tedious and useless, my mind was exceedingly biased on the other side of the question. In consequence of this, I am not sure but I went further in the separation of our church in America than Mr. Wesley, from whom I had received my commission, did intend. He did indeed solemnly invest me, as far as he had a right so to do, with episcopal authority, but did not intend, I think, that our entire separation should take place. He being pressed by our friends on this side the water for ministers to administer the sacraments to them, (there being very few clergy of the Church of England in the states), went farther, I am sure than he would have gone, if he had foreseen some events which followed. And this I am certain of, that he is now sorry for the separation [It should be remembered that Wesley remained in the Church of England.]

But what can be done for a reunion, which I wish for, and to accomplish which, Mr. Wesley, I have no doubt, would use his influence to the utmost The affection of a very considerable number of the preachers and most of the people, is very strong toward him, notwithstanding the excessive ill usage he received from a few. My interest also is not small; and both his and mine would readily, and to the utmost, be used to accomplish that (to us) very desirable object; if a readiness were shown by the bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church to reunite.

It is even to your church an object of great importance. We have now above 60,000 adults in our society in these states; and about 250 traveling ministers and preachers; besides a great number of local preachers, far exceeding the number of traveling preachers, and some of these local preachers are men of very considerable abilities; but if we number the Methodists as most people number the members of their church, viz., by the families which constantly attend the divine ordinances in their places of worship, they will make a larger body than you possibly con- ceive. The society, I believe, may be safely multiplied by five on an average, to give us our stated congregations, which will then amount to 300,000. And if the calculation, which I think some eminent writers have made, be just, that three-fifths of mankind are unadult (if I may use the expression), at any given period, it will follow that all the families, the adults, which form our congregations in these states amount to 750,000. About one-fifth of these are blacks.

The work now extends in length from Boston to the south of Georgia;

and in breadth, from the Atlantic to Lake Champlain, Vermont, Albany, Redstone, Holstein, Kentucky, Cumberland, etc.

But there are many hindrances in the way. Can they be removed

1. Our ordained ministers will not, ought not to give up their right of administering the sacraments. I do not think that the generality of them, perhaps none of them, would refuse to submit to a reordination, if other hinderances were removed out of the way. I must here observe that between 60 and 70 only, out of the 250, have been ordained presbyters, and about 60 deacons (only). The presbyters are the choicest of the whole.

2. The preachers would hardly submit to reunion if the possibility of their rising up to ordination depended upon the present bishops in America. Because, though they are all, I think I may say, zealous, pious, and very useful men, yet they are not acquainted with the learned languages. Besides they would argue, if the present bishops would waive the article of the learned languages, yet their successors might not.

My desire of a reunion is so sincere and earnest, that these difficulties make me tremble; and yet something must be done before the death of Mr. Wesley, otherwise I shall despair of success; for though my influence among the Methodists in these States, as well as in Europe, is I doubt not increasing, yet Mr. Asbury whose influence is very capital, will not easily comply; nay, I know he will be exceedingly averse to it.

In Europe, where some steps had been taken tending to a separation, all is at an end. Mr. Wesley is a determined enemy of it, and I have lately borne an open and successful testimony against it.

Shall I be favored with a private interview with you in Philadelphia I shall be there, God willing, on Tuesday, the 17th of May.[ In the meantime Coke and Asbury heard of Wesley's death. Coke left Asbury to depart for England. However, he missed his boat and did see Bishop White. (P. 383.) ] If this be agreeable, I'll beg of you just to signify it in a note directed to me at Mr. Jacob Baker's, merchant. Market Street, Philadelphia; or if you please, by a few lines sent me by the return of the post, at Philip Rogers', Esq., in Baltimore, from yourself or Dr. Magaw; and I will wait upon you with my friend Dr. Magaw. We can then enlarge upon the subjects.

I am conscious of it that secrecy is of great importance in the present state of the business, till the minds of you, your brother bishops, and Mr. Wesley, be circumstantially known. I must, therefore, beg that these things be confined to yourself and Dr. Magaw, till I have the honor of seeing you.

Thus you see that I have made a bold venture on your honor and candor, and have opened my whole heart to you on the subjects as far as the extent of a small letter will allow me. If you put equal confidence in me, you will find me candid and faithful.

I have notwithstanding been guilty of inadvertences. Very lately I found myself obliged (for the pacifying of my conscience) to write a penitential letter to the Rev. Mr. Jarratt,[ The Rev. Devereux Jarratt of Virginia.]which gave him great satisfaction; and for the same reason I must write another to the Rev. Mr. Pettigrew.

When I was last in America I prepared and corrected a great variety of things for our magazine, indeed almost everything that was printed, except some loose hints which I had taken of one of my journeys, and which I left in my hurry with Mr. Asbury, without any correction, entreating him that no part of them might be printed which could be improper or offensive. But through great inadvertency (I suppose) he suffered some reflections on the characters of the two above mentioned gentlemen to be inserted in the magazine, for which I am very sorry; and probably shall not rest till I have made my acknowledgements more public, though Mr. Jarratt does not desire it.

I am not sure whether I have not also offended you, sir, by accepting one of the offers made me by you and Dr. Magaw of the use of one of your churches, about six years ago, on my first visit to Philadelphia, without informing you of our plan of separation from the Church of England. If I did offend, (as I doubt I did, especially from what you said to Mr. Richard Dallam of Abingdon,) I sincerely beg yours and Dr. Magaw's pardon. I'll endeavor to amend. But, alas! I am a frail, weak creature.

I will intrude no longer at present. One thing only I will claim from your candor: that if you have no thought of improving this proposal, you will burn this letter and take no more notice of it, (for it would be a pity to leave us entirely alienated from each other if we cannot unite in the manner my ardent wishes desire), but if you will further negotiate business, I will explain my mind still more fully to you on the probabilities of success.

In the meantime permit me, with great respect, to subscribe myself, right reverend sir,

Your very humble servant in Christ,

Thomas Coke

P.S. You must excuse interlineations, etc. I am just going into the country and have no time to transcribe.

Edward J. Drinkhouse, History of Methodist Reform and Methodist Protestant Church, I, 398-400

Daniel Fidler, one of the early preachers, was on the Ohio Circuit in 1790 and on the Redstone Circuit in 1791. May 1 was a historic day in the lives of Asbury and Coke. They received information of Wesley's death. Coke determined to leave for England. (For account see Journal, Friday, April 29-May 1.)

ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA

May 1, 1791 [To Daniel Fidler}

My very dear Brother:

Grace and peace be with thy spirit. It is with some pain I am obliged to be absent from your conference, but I hope the Eldership will do all things well, and our dear young brethren will cheerfully consent to their supplying my lack of service. I have directed the stations. My call this year appears to be easterly where I have long wished to go, and now providence calls loudly. I do not expect if God prolongs my life to be absent again from you. I have made a new arrangement of Conferences. Give your own soul wholly to God. You must be holy. Expect this every moment and preach it faithfully and constantly to others.

I am ever thine,

F. Asbury

Original property of Mrs. Frederick Brown Harris of Washington, D.C; great-grand- daughter of Daniel Fidler

A Letter of Bishop Coke to James O'Kelly

It is easy to see that Coke was collaborating with O'Kelly and that Coke was very much in favor of the General Conference as against the Council.

 

WILMINOTON, DELAWARE

                                                            May 4, 1791

[To James O'Kelly] [32Coke wrote to O'Kelly in 1791 after the February Charleston Conference, also after the Virginia Conference. Coke's letter to O'Kelly reads, "Methodism is gone. But remember when we meet together and overthrow the new institution (the council) as I believe we shall, if Mr. Asbury is not satisfied with the government as it stood before, we will contend for a Republican government. Give me thy hand-fear not; I am a friend to America." (M'Caine, Letters, 118.)]

Dear Friend:

            I have written a letter of a sheet and a half to you, but on consideration I believe I shall not send it to you till I reach Europe: then I shall probably write as much again to you. By this time, you probably have been informed of our great loss, in the death of Mr. Wesley.[ Coke preached a funeral sermon for John Wesley. He was preaching in Baltimore. He said, "The leaving of Mr. Wesley's name off the Minutes was an almost diabolical thing. No history furnished any parallel to it, that a body of Christian ministers should treat an aged and faithful minister, as Mr. Wesley undoubtedly was, with such disrespect." Farther on in the sermon he said, "Two of those actors in Mr. Wesley's expulsion are dead and damned, and the others, with their patron [Mr. Asbury we suppose], will go to hell except they repent." On May 4, 1791, Wilmington, Delaware, in a letter Coke wrote, "I doubt much whether the cruel usage he received in Baltimore in 1787, when he was excommunicated did not hasten his death. Indeed I little doubt it. For from the time he was informed of it, he began to hold down his head, and to think he had lived long enough." (M'Caine, Letters, 112.)] I am hastening to Europe at this important crisis. You may depend on my being with you, God willing, at the General Conference. I think no step will be taken during my absence, to prevent the General Conference; it would be so gross an insult on truth, justice, mercy, and peace, that it will not be, I think, attempted. If it be, and successfully, we will call a Congress. I expect you to be faithful. But as Mordecai said to Esther, think not with thyself that thou shalt escape more than others; for if thou altogether boldest thy peace at this time, then shall there enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another place; but thou and thy father's house shall be destroyed. Oh, be firm, be very firm, and very cautious, and very wise, and depend upon a faithful friend[Coke did not stand by O'Kelly at the General Conference, and O'Kelly felt that he had been deceived in Coke.]  in

                                                            Thos. Coke

                                                            Alexander M'Caine, Letters on the Organization and Early                                                                     History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 779. Vanderbilt                                                      University Library

            Here we see some of the insights which Asbury had into the evaluation of his preachers. In the letter he deals with their abilities in a more intimate way than he does in the Journal. Many criticisms had arisen in reference to Coke's absence from America. As usual, Asbury is giving advice as to conduct.

                                                            NEW YORK, NEW YORK

                                                            May 29, 1791

[To Nelson Reed}[ Presiding elder on Baltimore District.]

My very dear Brother:

            I am not at all disappointed in McClasky.[ Several of the preachers are described in this letter] Unstable as water thou shalt not excell. You will see what you have to pay him and discharge the poor creature; I expect he cannot retrieve his character.

            I was solicited to preach Mr. Wesley's funeral sermon in both churches from one text, 2 Timothy 3rd ch., 1O, 11 verses. We have had a blessed conference and large, with great searchings of heart. I have sent for Jeremiah Cosden. But Martin Dale is a poor afflicted man. If he will not do you must employ ----[]. Mr. Hammet will stay sometime as a stranger, but let the discipline and government be with Brother Pryor, whom I have ordered to be sent. Poor Baxley, I am afraid, will lose not only his senses but his life.

            Be prudent how you speak and act when spies may be about. My soul is in peace. I can trust God with his work. If we have anything to object to Dr. Coke, we must tell him to his face and not backbite him. If the American Preachers stand together, no man, good or bad, angel or fiend, can hurt them.

            Next Wednesday we go towards New England, full sail. I am home at []. I live in the sight of eternity and feel myself in the presence of God, and my soul is love. Oh my dear Brother, drink deeper into God, and push on the blessed work more and more. Oh stir up that wrestling agonizing spirit more and more, after justifying and sanctifying grace; without this the souls of the people will die, even the souls of believers. Preach ever sermons pointedly and close on this head. Show the promises and excite the souls of believers [].

            Examine your preachers at every two months, like a conference, of their growth in grace, and walk with God and be very particular to know how the classes' meetings are, and establish bands. I wish you to take about a day in conference or a day when the people are gone. Call the leaders, stewards and local preachers and exhorters, know the state of their souls and their classes. Inquire of local preachers about their congregations and the work under them, let them speak of the exercises of their souls. Every circuit wants a conference, as well as every district, and get all your men together, let them witness for or against each other. If you have any doubts of an exhorter or local preacher desire him to bring a recommendation from the society where he lives, of his piety, and do not proceed to authorize any unless recommended, if doubtful. If the societies have to complain, let them send their witness or sign their letters of complaint to the elder. Any local deacon, or elder, must come before such a court, if unfaithful. It would not be amiss to list their names, and if they do not appear inquire if they stand clear, so you must judge Israel as Samuel did.

            Push prayer meetings. You have always obeyed and we must keep good order and close discipline. I want to improve daily for the better souls time, heaven is precious. Go on my dear Brother with great courage and diligence and prudence, Thine

                                                                        F. Asbury

            P.S. Till General Conference, if I can rid myself then, I beg you will push the finishing of the College. I want to quit building. I think we shall be

able to answer all demands and have [] sway.

                          Drew University Library

            When did Asbury find out about Coke's letter to Bishop White Drinkhouse, a most unfriendly critic, has the following theory that Asbury knew about the letter when he said good-bye to Coke at New Castle, Delaware. White's reply was sent to Philip Rogers, and he handed it to Asbury. Asbury evidently thought he had the right to open an important letter addressed to Coke. Drinkhouse flunks that Asbury knew of it before Coke left because he did not return to Baltimore until the end of November. However, Coke says in 18O8 that he told Asbury at New Castle, Delaware, before leaving for England. (Letters, 383.)

                                                                        Summer, 1791 [Drinkhouse indicates that it was                                                                                written between May and September.]

[To whom ()] [It is not known to whom it was written. Drinkhouse says that it was from "a full two years file in the writer's possession. It would be interesting to know what became of this file. The letter refers to Coke.]

            I cannot confide in ecclesiastics passing through the degrees and intrigues of a university, as I trust to a ploughman.

                                                                        [Francis Asbury] [A letter from Coke to Asbury is                                                                              printed in Drinkhouse, History of Methodist tKeform,                                                                       413. (See also 398-414.) The letter speaks for itself, as                                                                     follows:]

                                                                        Edward J. Drinkhouse, History of Methodist Reform                                                                 and Methodist Protestant Church, 7, 259

                                                            ISLE OF JERSEY, ON THE COAST OF FRANCE

                                                                        September 23, 1791

Dear Friend:

            I have written many letters to you, but have received none from you. I have written so much to you concerning the imprudence I was led into in preaching Mr. Wesley's

funeral sermon, that I shall say no more at present on that head. I also dwelt on some other things which you might construe as unkindliness to you. . . . Will you appoint a place for me to meet you in the month of November of next year I mean, will you inform me what part of the continent you will be in at that time Why don't you send me your minutes Why don't you write me . . . Come, let everything contrary to love and friendship die away and be no more forever. You must make allowance for me, considering the great influence Mr. Wesley had on my mind, and his great prejudice toward you.... I am determined to write to you every opportunity till I sail for America, let your neglect toward me be ever so great, or ever so much deserved by me. Adieu. Pray at least,

                                                            For Your Truly Faithful Friend and affectionate brother,

                                                                        Thomas Coke

Edward J. Drihkhouse, History of Methodist Reform and Methodist Protestant Church, I, 413

            The concern of Francis Asbury for the education of the youth is shown repeatedly in the Journal and the letters. Here is more concrete evidence of .what he wished to see done. It is clear that so far as he was concerned, it was to be Christian education. This appeal was printed with the Minutes of 1791.

                                                            NEAR SALEM, NEW JERSEY

                                                            September 16, 1791

            To the Brethren in the united societies of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America

Dearly beloved in the Lord:

            I rejoice to see so many thousands of the present generation, happy subjects of knowledge and grace. A real concern for the rising offspring and the children yet unborn, has been very weighty on my mind for many years. We have been at no small expense to provide a house[Cokesbury College.] for refined education to serve whose wealth and desires lead them to improve the minds of their children. This will not extend to all, neither will it meet the ideas and wishes of those who have personal and located interests. What I now recommend, as your duty and privilege is to give the key of knowledge in a general way, to your children, and those of the poor in the vicinity of your small towns and villages.

            It is submitted to your serious consideration, providence and charity, whether a plan of Christian education may not be brought into execution. In every large society, where the members are able and willing, to build a school-house for your sons, and to appropriate land, to employ a single, skilful, pious young man of the society; fix his salary according to that of a travelling preacher; or if a married man, the same with that of a married preacher. The worship of God in the school-house should be reading the word of the Lord, singing and prayer, every morning and evening, Playing strictly prohibited. A lesson in the instructions weekly committed to memory, to enjoin manly exercises, as working in the garden or field, or walking, reading, or speaking in public, or bathing. To admit the children whose parents are not in our society, by paying and submission to the rules, to take as many poor of our own, and others as you can. To build a separate school for your daughters, and put these under a gracious woman of abilities, to learn to read, write, sew, knit, mark and make their own clothing, to have their religious exercises and instructions the same as your sons, to expel the false obstinately wicked and incorrigible of either sex. The elder can spend a day in the school once in two weeks to see how both parts of education are attended to. It might be well to elect and appoint three men, wise, good and willing, as trustees or stewards, to serve a year; in order to manage the temporalities, visit at set times, admit or expel, after consulting the elder; and three very discreet, godly women for the daughters, who shall do the same.

            The school may be erected and finished, clear of debt or rent, for one hundred pounds. Some pious people will probably, at their death, leave legacies; and annual subscriptions should be opened through the society and for any others that will assist. A charity sermon once a year, and public collections may be necessary; perhaps sixty or seventy pounds will be sufficient for the annual expense. The sisters must collect amongst their own sex, and also see how the mistress performs her duty.

            These schools may be open on Sabbath days, two hours in the morning, and two hours in the evening, for those that have no other time. We have but small hopes of coming properly at the lambs of the flock, till you have schools of your own founding, and under your direction, that neither yourselves nor the teachers may be under any restraints from refractory men. If what I have advised, with any improvement, shall be found acceptable, it will give rest and joy to my mind. I have served you almost twenty years. I can only say they are your children I want taught, and can assure you it is in my heart to live and die with and for, both the parents and children.

                                                            Your Brother, Friend and Servant, for Christ's sake,

                                                                          F. Asbury

Recommendatory Caution

MarkWell!

            OUR brethren and friends, are desired to be more cautious how they

receive strange preachers; especially to preach; unless their names are on the minutes or they can shew a parchment or a certificate from the presiding elders, or some elder in the district they may say they came from.

[Minutes of the Methodist Conferences, annually held in America from 1773 to 1794 inclusive. Copy owned by J. Manning Potts]

            It is clear that Asbury is concerned for the New York churches. Thomas Morrell had started the new church under Asbury's direction. Now Asbury is concerned for John's Street and the new church.

                                                            SWEEDSBOROUGH [N.J.]

                                                                        September 17, 1791

[To Thomas Morrell][ 41Pastor, New York. He had established the new church. (See letter to Morrell, May 2O, 1789.) The church was called Forsythe Street Church.]

My very dear Brother:

            I am brought hitherto in great love and mercy. If you should be able to come, I hope it will be for the glory of God and my comfort. So unstable are all things here. Will you put up two or three dozen of [] cases [Cases of books. ] and an equal number of concordances I expect my horses will be in ease, and we can go till you can fit yourself. I feel the want of closer communion with God and a steady walk with the Lord. It will be well to put matters upon as good a train as you can; temporalities and spirituals; we must try to help forward the concern in John's Street.[ Old John Street Church.   ] I have great faith to believe God will do great things for us this year. Your horse is excellent for drawing,[ Drawing loads.]  if you can sell him, it will be best. My time is short and am in company. Peace be with thy spirit. As ever thine in Christ

                                                                        F. Asbury

                                                                        Garrett Biblical Institute Library

            It is clear that Asbury went a long way to try to get O'Kelly straightened out. It is suggested by Alexander M'Caine and others that he and Coke were afraid of O'Kelly. O'Kelly was a powerful antagonist to the episcopacy; and Asbury's many references to him in the letters show that Asbury, even to his last days, was conscious of O'Kelly's influence against him.

                                                                        [September 21, 1791][ The exact date is not given. No                                                                      place given, evidently September 21, 1791. (See                                                                                Journal.)]

[To James O'Kelly}[ Letter to O'Kelly from Coke. (See footnote to letter of Coke to O'Kelly, May 4, 1791.)]

            Let all past conduct between thee and me, be buried, and never come before the Conference, or elsewhere,-send me the dove. I saw thy face was not towards me in all the council, therefore did not treat thee with that respect due to one who had suffered so much for the cause of truth and liberty. I wrote to the Doctor that if he came here again he would see trouble.

                                                            [Francis Asbury][ The letter is not signed. Probably there was                                                           more to the letter.]

                                                            Alexander M'Caine, Letters on the Organization and Early                                                                     History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 118

            Cokesbury College was one of the chief concerns of Asbury as long as it existed. After it had burned, he indicated that a great load had been lifted.

                                                            CHESTER-TOWN, MARYLAND

                                                            November 12, 1791

[To Jacob Hall][ No address on the letter, but it seems to be to Dr. Jacob Hall, president of Cokesbury College.]

Dear Sir:

            Should Mr. Armour [] call here please to give entertainment in the college till I come, as he hath spoken to me of his intention to travel with me to the south for his health. He is a man of learning and great modesty and will not take any notice of the exercises of the house unless desired by you. It is very possible he will make a good examiner if present at the visitation.

                                                            I am yours with respect,

                                                                        F. Asbury

                                                                        Historical Society of Pennsylvania

            William Glendinning, or Glendenning, was a very odd person. He had preached in the traveling connection for about ten years but had to give up because of mental aberrations. Evidently he worked to get back into the active ministry, as this letter indicates.

                                                            [LANES, VIRGINIA]

                                                            [December 23, 1791][ This notice to William Glendinning                                                                 seems to have been written from the Virginia Conference,                                                               which met at Lane's Chapel, Sussex County, Virginia, on                                                                 Friday, December 23, 1791. The preachers listed here were                                                  in that conference. (See also letter of November -, 1792.)                                                                      Some preachers did not sign.

[To William Glendinning}] [The Minutes show that William Glendinning was admitted to the ministry in 1776 and traveled until 1786, when his name is listed among those "who desist from traveling." He was on the Brunswick Circuit, Virginia, in 1785 and developed a mania of some type. In 1784 he had been appointed to Nova Scotia but refused to go. At that conference he was refused ordination because of "want of gifts." Asbury records in the Journal, Sunday, December 26, 179O, at Newcastle, Hanover County, Virginia:

"William Glendinning spoke after me: I am clear he is not right in his head or heart, and am therefore resolved he shall speak no more at my appointments." The Minutes show that he secured a pension in 179O of £8 6s. lOd. (Jacob S. Payton.)

]

I write in the presence of, and by the consent of Conference, to inform you that we do not look on you as being in connection with or under any direction from us. We cannot therefore make appointments for you, in our societies, or advise our people to hear you, knowing you are not under any legate authority but your own; and should you obtain countenance and authority from another denomination, it will not be ours.

                                                                        Yours,

                                                                                    Francis Asbury

            Edward Dromgoole was an old friend of Asbury. One of his sons, Thomas, was now at Cokesbury College and was later to become a local preacher, Reference was made to Glendinning and Jarratt, with whom Asbury had disagreed. Asbury makes some comment on British Methodism and on Bishop Coke.

                                                                        LANE'S, VIRGINIA[Lane's Chapel, Sussex County,                                                                         one of the first preaching places in Virginia. Early                                                                            conferences were held there.]

                                                                        December 24, 1791

[To Edward Dromgoole}[ Edward Dromgoole was a local preacher on the Greensville Circuit, Virginia. He was a traveling preacher from 1774 to 178O and from 1783 to 1786.]

My very dear Brother:

I am now sitting in a crowded conference, men and business. As to your son and Cokesbury, we are about one thousand pounds indebted, five hundred pounds on charity, all sources cut off, only from Maryland, and I promised some to quit begging shortly. The determination of the trustees had nearly been to send the charity boys home; however, at last they resolved I had better cease begging, and admit no more wholly on charity.

            Our board is twenty pounds in College, seven pounds education Maryland Currency.[ The early states had their own currency.] I will board your son at 15 pounds Maryland and give him his education. We have 4 excellent teachers, a society of proud lads in the house and some youths of great talents.

            As to Glendinning,[ William Glendinning. One of the preachers who sided with O'Kelly but who desisted from the traveling ministry in 1786. (See Minutes, 1786, and letters December 23, 1791, and November -, 1792.)]  believe Satan is in him and will never come out. I expect he would come too and act like himself, go where he pleased, and be subject to no authority. As to Mr. Jarratt,[ Rev. Devereux Jarratt, the Episcopal clergyman of Virginia. After 1784 Jarratt felt aggrieved that Asbury had led the Methodists out of the Established Church.] he is like himself, and I would not lose sight of my work a minute to speak write or think about him in controversy. A little while ago he wrote against Pottels, [] now he has done the same.

            I have received three letters from Doctor Coke. There has been great commotion. They[British Methodists.] are settled, in my opinion, as a Presbyterian Synod, have divided England into 18 districts who govern in the recess of conference, 7 men form a committee for stationing the preachers. Thompson [Thompson was unknown. The conference passed over Coke and others ordained by Wesley and elected Thompson. Probably this was their reaction to one-man rule.]  President, Doctor Coke, secretary and visitor in England, and Ireland, the West Indies; Also the Doctor[Bishop Coke. Reference is evidently to Bishop White's letter. (See letter, April 24, 1791, and Summer, 1791.) Coke fraternized with Hammett at Charleston. In Petersburg they separated and did not stay together. In Baltimore, Coke saw Bishop White.] has made most humiliating concessions for his conduct at Charleston, Petersburg, and Baltimore, and promises nothing but peace, if he comes here.

            All is peace with us from east to west, north and south. I am in peace with all mankind and as far as I know they love and are united to me. To conclude, if in a future day our collegiate circumstances are better we will do more for your child. We have vast openings eastward, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Hampshire. Province of Maine is waiting for us. Quebec will be our field here after. I am as ever thine F. Asbury

            Added to letter dated December 24, 1791:

            "Letter of direction or recommendation from an Elder will give admittance to College or you may write to me or meet me at Carolina Conference."

Edward Dromgoole Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library

January 1, 1792

The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., is the depository of Haskins' Journal. This letter is included in his Journal. Asbury is defining some of the powers of the district conference. It is not clear what is referred to in Haskins' description of a bishop.

                                                            CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

                                                            January 1, 1792 [Asbury did not reach Charleston until February 11. (See Journal.) Either the date on the letter or the Journal is incorrect. Probably the letter date is correct, as it is so plainly written on the original.]

[To Thomas Haskins][ The grocer and former traveling preacher.]

My very dear Son:

You will be pleased to observe the district conference must say who are proper superannuated preachers. Almost every irregularity is charged upon me if done in conferences by displeased men. In this city it is said I was partial to a Dickins,[ Dickins was the first Book Agent.] and a Willis,[ Henry Willis, a preacher. At one time he traveled with Asbury.] the same may be said respecting you. I am willing the matter should rest with the men it is committed to. It is not safe for me to interpose what I think will be hidden. Why did not you get a place for your description of a Bishop I think the ideas [were] just and wish they had been sent abroad. My greatest concern is to see you grow in grace, and extend in usefulness. As to having a seat in a district conference, there can be no great danger, as laws are not made there; it is only the liberty of speaking and voting for an elder or deacon. I am going to Georgia and hope to return about the middle of February. Shall be pleased to hear of your welfare. My dear Sister, I hope will live to be perfect in love, and through suffering. I have powerful impressions of a great work this year through all the states; help. Brother, help. The devil's spell and charm is broken greatly from the conferences. Oh let us live and love and pray the Lord will be with us in a manner we have not seen here before.

                                                                        Thine as ever,

                                                                        F. Asbury.

P.S. My respects to Mr. Bassett [Mr. Bassett of Delaware who became governor.] if in the city.

Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

            It is clear here that the church is having disturbances. The Baltimore church difficulties are giving Asbury much concern. Mr. Hammett has divided the church in Charleston and set up his separate congregation.

                                                            CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

                                                            January 1, 1792 64[ Though January 1 is the date of the letter, Asbury was in Norfolk, Virginia, at that time. He did not reach Charleston until February 11. The Journal may be incorrect. (See Journal.)]

[To Nelson Reed][ Presiding elder of Baltimore District.]

My very dear Brother:

            I am seated here for a few days after a rapid march to this city. I think it my duty to write many letters. My soul can rejoice in God. I feel myself uncommonly moved to believe the Lord will give peace to his church, and great prosperity to his Zion this year. Such a sweet loving spirit runs through the conferences. Noticeable changes have taken place. I am grieved because the Lord is offended, that simple happy society in Baltimore, famed and respected for many years for hospitality, simplicity and union, should be distressed and disturbed with restless spirits. I think it is your indispensable duty to call a solemn meeting of the society the first opportunity and read that minutes pointing at those members who shall rise up against the government of the church, that such persons being found guilty shall be expelled. You may plead my order and authority if you choose.

            It was early sent to this town (if report can be credited) that some person has written, and for aught I know the very day or soon after that the minority had departed from us, and gave advice to Mr. Hammett [See reference to Hammett in the Journal of February 11 and February 18, 1792. (See Journal.)] to come forth to meet these disaffected men. When I left Virginia they were all gone quietly to their stations but two, one of which some of the preachers and people were unwilling to receive, and viewed his resignation very providential.

            I shall not say who has done this deed, and there are so many strange things told here. This I know, one of the most respectable members in the society, his name has been mentioned through mistake but I am not yet bereaved of my children in Baltimore. I think you will do well to consult one or two faithful friends on the contents of my letter.

            Opposition to the laws, union, and government is treason against the Church: to defame the Conference. Brother Smith[James Smith who was known as "Baltimore" Smith. He was a critic of Asbury and the episcopacy.] hasted home; but one of the brethren had written up the state near an hundred miles to know what it was that was so dreadful at the General Conference. I hope you will give fair warning that you will put the law in force against such. The society in Baltimore is applauded through the states. I know them so well they would not keep a contentious person that would rejoice and publish abroad a division after it is made, much more before. I have had my mind much impressed that it will give more knowledge, union, and circulation.

            If the Redstone preachers, yours and Brother Bruce's above the Ridge, could meet at Oldtown[Maryland.] it would be far better. Then the Eastern and Western shore, the other part of Brother Bruce's[Philip Bruce was presiding elder of the district which included the northern counties of Virginia and the Frederick Circuit.] District, to meet in Baltimore the last week in October, making about 5O or 6O preachers. It will never do for preachers to rise up in a district and never move out of it for three or four years. If our brethren can hear this trouble they will have more of my company in the town, and district. If this letter should have good success write to me. I expect to be here again in the middle of February. I have my troubles, one horse is lame, my favorite riding horse. But Oh Jerusalem, my only cause of grief and joy. I pity your college [Cokesbury.] perplexity, but this I hope will be better, then you and some other will be able to purchase with cash and support better credit. I am as ever thine

                                                                        Francis Asbury

                                                                        Drew University Library

            Freeborn Garrettson was one of the earliest and most dependable of Asbury's preachers. In 1784 he went as a missionary to Nova Scotia, being assigned there by the Christmas Conference. However, he stayed there only a short time, coming back to the United States in 1785 and being assigned to Shelburne. Asbury reports that all was well in Virginia; but before the end of the year O'Kelly led his schism into the Republican Methodist Church, which was established in Surry County, Virginia.

                                                            CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

                                                            February 18, 1792

[To Freeborn Garrettson}[ Freeborn Garrettson was presiding elder in northern New York in 1792. The districts are not named in the early Minutes. It was he who had gone out in 1784 at the direction of Asbury to call the preachers to the Christmas Conference.]

My very dear Brother:

After a cold and trying, tedious journey, we are safe in Charleston. It has been a consolating time to me. Oh, my soul thou hast trodden down strength! I feel heaven in my soul daily. Peace, sweet peace, reigns through the whole work. All is unity with our brethren in Virginia. We expect the General Conference will meet, provided Dr. Coke can attend, the first of November. I trust we shall know what Israel ought to do in all things of moment. I do not intend to hold conference in New York till after yours in Albany. The conference in New York will be the 27th of August. We have been favored with a revival in the western parts of North and South Carolina and Holston also. We must look for a general spread of religion.

            You will do well to examine carefully into the state of religion in families, and the leaders, stewards and local preachers at quarterly meetings. Is thy own soul deeply baptized into God We can be saved from the least and low remains of sin. Oh how many lose or leave their first love! How few can bear affluence and prosperity! Who would think a man should preach so acceptably and act so diabolically as some have Let us watch and be sober. I hope to see thee as I pass New York to the eastward, then we can fix my flight through Connecticut as I shall be on horseback. I wish to explore a way from Springfield among the Green Mountains to Albany. Thanks as ever,

                                                            F. Asbury

                                                            Methodist Historical Society of the Baltimore Conference                                                                      (Lovely Lane Museum)

            Judging from this letter, William Glendinning applied to the General Conference for some kind of readmission to the ministry or for permission to carry on his "extraordinary mission." It is clear that the Conference still thought of him as mentally unbalanced.

                                                            November, 1792

[To William Glendinning][ See note to letter of December 23, 1791. William Glendinning published an autobiography, The Life of William Glendinning.]

            Your letter to the General Conference was read and considered. You consider yourself as having an extraordinary mission and therefore do not choose to submit, as another preacher, to our government. It was concluded from the contents of your letter, that you did not desire to come under our direction any farther, than, 1st, For you to have sanction from us for your proceedings; and 2d, To be answerable to us for your moral conduct. After mature deliberation, it was concluded, 1 st, That you cannot be considered as one of us, unless you come under the discipline of our Church; 2d, That you are not to expect the use of our houses for public worship; and 3d, That our preachers are not to make your appointments, nor countenance your proceedings, while you pursue your present plan.

Francis Asbury [It is interesting to note that, though in the letter to Glendinning of December 23 James O'Kelly headed the list of preachers, he is omitted from this list. Asbury records]

Pemberton Smith Jesse Lee               

Nicholas Snethen

Benja. Barnes           

Wm. Spencer

Ira Ellis

Jas. Meacham

Jesse Buxton           

John Baldwin

Danl. Southall          

 Danl. Stringer

Josiah Askew            

Wm. Moss      

Benja. Blanton          

Ch. Mosing

Jn.       West              

Jas. Rogers

Thos. Anderson          

Jn. N. Jones

John Ellis

W. Glendinning, The Life of William Glendinning, Preacher of the Gospel, 68-76

            At the General Conference of 1792 Asbury refused to preside. Coke pre sided in his place. O'Kelly had split the church. The split really occurred over the powers of the episcopacy to which Asbury refers here. The appointment, of the preachers was the point at issue. The General Conference sustained the position of Asbury. It was in 1792 that O'Kelly and his group left tht church[See letter, November [15], 1792.] and founded the Republican Methodist Church, later called tht Christian Church.

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Thursday, 8th November, 1792

[To the General Conference}[ See Journal for reference to the General Conference.]

My dear Brethren:

            Let my absence give you no pain-Dr. Coke presides. I am happily

excused from assisting to make laws by which myself am to be governed I have only to obey and execute. I am happy in the consideration that never stationed a preacher through enmity, or as a punishment. I have acted for the glory of God, the good of the people, and to promote the usefulness of the preachers. Are you sure, that, if you please yourselves the people will be as fully satisfied They often say, "Let us have such;preacher;" and sometimes, "we will not have such a preacher-we will sooner pay him to stay at home." Perhaps I must say, "his appeal force< him upon you." I am one, ye are many. I am as willing to serve you a ever. I want not to sit in any man's way. I scorn to solicit votes. I am; very trembling, poor creature to hear praise or dispraise. Speak you at the conference, "Mr. O'Kelly, being disappointed in not getting over appeal from any station made by me, withdrew from the connexion and went off." (See Journal November 8, 1792.) Glendinning says in his comments following this letter that he had no intention of going off with any who were "breaking off" from Asbury. However, hi joined the new movement according to MacClenny, The Life of the Rev. James O'Kelly 128-29, minds freely; but remember, you are only making laws for the present time. It may be that as in some other things, so in this, a future day may give you further light. I am yours, &c.

                                                            Francis Asbury

                                                            Asbury's Journal, November 8, 1792

            Of O'Kelly, Bishop Asbury writes to Morrell, after the adjournment of the General Conference. Asbury states the issues. The Council had preceded the General Conference. It was the advisory body to Asbury. O'Kelly had been a great problem. He left the church and took the disaffected with him in 1792.

November [15], 1792

[To Thomas Morrell}[ Pastor at New York.]

            I believe now nothing short of being an episcopos was his[James O'Kelly. For a discussion of the O'Kellyites' side of the controversy see MacClenny, The Life of the Rev. James O'Kelly. (See Letters, 419, n. 68.)] first aim. His second was to make the Council independent of the Bishop and General Conference, if they would canonize his writings. This could not be done. His next step was with the authority of a pope to forbid me, by letter, to go a step farther with the Council, after carrying it once around the continent and through the first Council, which ordered me to go round and know the minds of the brethren. His following step was to write against me to Mr. Wesley, who he knew was disaffected to me, because I did not merely force the American Conference to accede to Mr. Wesley's appointment of Brother Whatcoat, which I did submit to Dr. Coke only for peace with our old father.[ Wesley in 1787 had attempted to have Whatcoat elected a superintendent, but the conference refused. In 18OO he was elected to the episcopacy.] How moved he then to make himself independent of me and the general connection, and dragged in the little Doctor, whom, a little before, he would have banished from the continent. Then he stipulated with me through the Doctor to let him stay in that station,[ O'Kelly had been in the south district of Virginia for about ten years (see Minutes), and it was here that he got his new Republican Methodist Church going. He and his followers took over many churches in southern Virginia and North Carolina.] and consented to leave the decision to a General Conference, and when the decision went against him, went away.

                                                            [Francis Asbury]

                                                            John J. Tigert, A Constitutional History of American                                                                  Episcopal Methodism, 262

A Letter of James O'Kelly to Jesse Nicholson

            There are two letters from James O'Kelly, one to Jesse Nicholson and the other to Colonel Williams, which are printed by Bennett in his Memorials of Methodism in Virginia. Both give a defense of O'Kelly's reasons for leaving the church.

                                                                        [December -, 1792}[ There is no date or place to the letter, but it was written after the General Conference of 1792.]

[To Jesse Nicholson}[ Jesse Nicholson lived in Portsmouth, Virginia.]

Dear Brother Nicholson, Local Preacher:

            O, my brother! Alas! my brother. I beseech God to grant you a share in every blessing of the everlasting covenant. O, brother, the heart knows its own bitterness. I am too often giving way to the overflowings of a full heart. O, the heart-breaking thoughts!-the Methodist preachers who stood together like regular soldiers, are now afraid of each other, as you told me last evening you feared me. Fearful prelude to a universal decline, or a fearful separation! Find out the cause; search for the Achan. One there is in our camps; and if the lot justly falls on me, cast me away, and there will be a calm. But be sure, before God, to give me justice. I am not given to change. A Methodist I am, and how can I change. The elders to the North, not knowing what to accuse me of, make me their table laugh, still I am loth to go away.

            What have I done Overturned government What the Council-not Methodism. I only say no man among us ought to get into the Apostle's chair with the Keys, and stretch a lordly power over the ministers and Kingdom of Christ. Tis a human invention, a quicksand; and when my grey hairs may be preserved under ground, I may be remembered. We ought to respect the body before any mere man. A consolidated government is always bad. We have published that we believe a General Conference to be injurious to the Church. District Conferences have lost their suffrages; men of wit will leave the travelling connection. Boys with their Keys, under the absolute sway of one who declares his authority and succession from the Apostles-these striplings must rule and govern Christ's Church, as master workmen; as though they could finish such a temple. People are to depend on their credibility. These things are so; I know what I say; I am able when called upon to answer it. I am a friend to Christ; to his Church, but not to prelatic government. If you will carefully read the Bishop's address to me and others of the preachers who oppose the late proceedings, there you will find the heresy reflections and the very manner of the new constitution; but, unless you look over and over it, 'tis hard to understand. My dear brother, farewell; reject me, all of you, and let me feel the sneers, the frowns of strangers. My days are few among you; when the members reject me I drop my journeyings.

                                                            I am, &c.,

                                                                        James O'Kelly

                W. W. Bennett, Memorials of Methodism in Virginia, 323-25